A nanocomposite of graphene oxide (GO), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) was synthesized through UV photopolymerization. We achieved uniform dispersion of GO within the crosslinked poly(ethylene oxide)-based (XPEO) matrix at concentrations up to 1.0 wt%. At higher concentrations, GO tended to aggregate. The well-dispersed GO formed an additional chemical crosslinked network with the hydrophilic PEO chains. The XPEO-GO nanocomposite demonstrated improved mechanical strength and enhanced barrier properties against salts and gases, depending on GO concentration. This work details the preparation and characterization of XPEO-GO hydrogels with varying GO concentrations and flake sizes. These properties suggest potential applications of the nanocomposite hydrogel in reinforced XPEO-based biomaterials and advanced antibacterial ultrafiltration (UF) hydrophilic coatings.