search
Contact Us
HOME

  • Crossref logo
Journal Search Engine

to

Search Advanced Search Adode Reader(link)
Download PDF Export Citaion korean bibliography PMC previewer
ISSN : 1226-0088(Print)
ISSN : 2288-7253(Online)
Membrane Journal Vol.32 No.6 pp.401-410
DOI : https://doi.org/10.14579/MEMBRANE_JOURNAL.2022.32.6.401

Recovery of Valuable Lithium Hydroxide by Ion Exchange Process: A Review

Sarsenbek Assel*, Rajkumar Patel**†
*Nano Science and Engineering, Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
**Energy and Environmental Science and Engineering, Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
†Corresponding author(e-mail: rajkumar@yonsei.ac.kr; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-141X)
November 7, 2022 ; December 16, 2022 ; December 19, 2022

Abstract


Demand for lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is annually increasing due to its efficiency and safety for the environment in comparison to its current alternatives. Lithium can be found in different salty and brine lakes which later synthesized to produce LiOH for various applications. Different methods are used to separate and recover lithium ions, the most common of which is electrodialysis (ED). ED is a membrane-based separation technique which works on potential difference of its layers as a driving force to push ions from one side to another. The ion exchange membrane (IEM) in ED makes the process efficient because of the perm selectivity of different ions vary depending on their hydrodynamic volume. In this review, the different alteration strategies of both ED and IEM, to enhance the recovery of lithium ions are discussed.


ion exchange membrane , lithium hydroxide , lithium ions , electrodialysis

이온 교환 공정에 의한 귀중한 수산화 리튬의 회수: 리뷰

살센벡 아샐*, 라즈쿠마 파텔**†
*연세대학교 언더우드국제대학 융합과학공학부 나노과학공학
**연세대학교 언더우드국제대학 융합과학공학부 에너지환경융합전공

초록


수산화리튬(LiOH)에 대한 수요는 현재의 대안들에 비해 환경에 대한 효율성과 안전성 때문에 매년 증가하고 있 다. 리튬은 다른 염분과 염수 호수에서 발견될 수 있으며, 나중에 합성되어 다양한 용도로 LiOH를 생성한다. 리튬 이온을 분 리 및 회수하기 위해 다양한 방법이 사용되며, 그 중 가장 일반적인 방법은 전기투석법(ED)이다. ED는 이온을 한쪽에서 다 른 쪽으로 밀어내는 구동력으로서 그 층의 전위차에 작용하는 멤브레인 기반 분리 기술이다. ED의 이온교환막(IEM)은 유체 역학적 부피에 따라 상이한 이온의 선택성이 달라지기 때문에 공정을 효율적으로 만든다. 본 총설에서는 리튬이온의 회수를 향상시키기 위한 ED와 IEM의 서로 다른 변화 전략이 논의된다.


    1. Introduction

    Production of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is extremely important process to generate environmentally friendly energy source for different applications. Ion exchange membrane is commonly used to separate lithium ions from lithium-based compounds through electrodialysis (ED), electrolysis, reverse osmosis (RO), and nanofiltration (NF)[1-2].

    Lithium can be extracted from lake brines, seawater, salt lakes by layers of cathode, porous membrane, and anode in the separator[3,4]. Depending on the different factors like thermal resistance, wettability, tensile strength the results can differ from one another. To increase the efficiency, the external factors like voltage and concentration are altered and the separator is improved through addition of extra layers.

    Electrodialysis is one type of separating methods. It uses direct current power to push ions through membranes of ion exchange to remove unnecessary compounds from feed[5-8]. Therefore, the product of interest is left behind in higher concentration. Our product of interest is lithium ions which can be altered into lithium hydroxide. To increase the value of the ions, ED is modified with nanolayers of hydroxide, bipolar membrane, and change of pH.

    Another way of improving the efficiency of product is increasing the number of electrodialysis stacks which can be same stacks or different[9-11]. The solutions that went through two separators showed better results in contrast to previous works of study. Electro-electrodialysis (EED) method is common method for the synthesis of choline hydroxide, essential nutrients. In this method, anion or cation exchange membrane transport selectively and splitting of water at cathode or anode split choline hydroxide and hydrochloride[12]. This review is classified into three sections as presented in Fig. 1 and recovery process are summarized in Table 1.

    2. Ion Exchange Process

    Ion exchange process is a technique where the targeted ions of solution are exchanged with different ions of equivalent charge. It is abundantly used in industry to purify and separate necessary salts from various solutions. To prepare tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) from tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr), electro-electrodialysis (EED), the new method has been held[13]. The article discusses sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and azane (NH3⋅H2O) from electrodes of alkaline, the solution for anode, which were used to decrease the voltage of the operation, price as well as avoid the creation of bromine. The influence of different parameters like current density, initial concentration of tetrabutylammonium bromide and electrolyte were adopted into the EED stack with three chambers. In addition, the theoretical study of ion flux was also monitored through a model. In terms of characterization, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures demonstrated some similarities between new and old membrane. The membranes were exposed to ion exchange for 60 days and they look relatively same as the new membranes of ion exchange. Generally, the results show the standard conditional environment with current density 200 A/m2, the concentration of TBABr with 0.8 mol/L, the percentage of bromine in TBAOH with 20 wt% is 8.5 ppm, and 20 wt% NaOH alkaline anolyte consumed energy approximately 1.86 kW h/kg and costed 0.84 $/kg. These results suggest that the new method is providing promising applications and approaches in synthesizing TBAOH.

    The influence of converting lithium hydroxide (LiOH) from lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) in the solution of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) suspension was investigated[ 14]. For the resource of lithium, the microplates of lithium carbonate went through ion exchange membrane and dissolute-precipitate ways to produce lithium hydroxide. This led to the formation of mix intermediate compounds like CaxLi2−2xCO3. At 25 °C the calcium carbonate’s heterogeneous creations were spotted on the surface of lithium carbonate plates by ion exchange. At higher temperatures, 60-100°C, the calcium carbonate experienced homogeneous agglomeration through dissolute-precipitate process. Which can conclude that with increasing temperature, the lithium carbonate dissolutes and converts intro lithium hydroxide faster, manufacturing compounds like [CO32−]/ [Ca2+] in large amount. The homogeneously precipitated calcium carbonate agglomerates are preferable. Through x-ray diffraction (XRD) not only shapes of the compound but also successful conversion of Li2CO3 to LiOH was confirmed.

    Nowadays, the production of lithium hydroxide faces different obstacles, for example, the separation of lithium from magnesium from Mg/Li brines, enhancing the concentration of lithium, as well as increasing manufacture of lithium hydroxide are some of them [15]. The article discusses bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) and its combination with nanofiltration (NF), reserve osmosis (RO), and conventional electrodialysis (CED). Those processes were working with a ratio of lithium and magnesium above 30.0 to produce lithium hydroxide. The other parameters like feed solution’s pH, pressure of the system, effect of dilute compounds on extraction, as well as efficiency of recovering were estimated. From experimentation, the nanofiltration with two stages and reserve osmosis conventional electrodialysis (RO-CED) successfully removed the Mg whilst enriching Li. The ratio of ions was controllable under 0.5 and the concentration of lithium was higher than 14 g/L which means that 92% of it could recover. It can also be shown on XRD where the described peaks follow the same structure of LiOH⋅H2O. The relationship of acid and base, along with the current efficiency was monitored. The results revealed that the previous research was outdone by these results with 6.20 kWh/kg of energy consumption and 36.05% current efficiency. This promises more effective ways of lithium extraction from different brines for future usage in industrial production.

    3. Cation Exchange Membrane

    The cation exchange membrane (CEM) is selectively permeable for cation anions, allowing only protons move from anode to cathode. CEM works as a separator and a guide for cations and anions transportation through the cell. It is commonly used in industry to recover and separate ions due to its efficiency and simplicity. The demand for lithium batteries is increasing in order to generate energy from alternating resource in which there is less carbon emission. The brines were used for production of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) through electrodialysis (ED) for battery applications[ 16]. Unfortunately, the current method has several drawbacks from high price to hazardous waste disposal like lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). This article describes a work with environmentally friendly feasible method for generation of LiOH for overcome those issues. The cell was constructed to analyze electrochemical kinetics as well as energy magnitudes calculations. Various values like current density, concentration of electrolytes, materials of electrodes, membranes (Nafion 115 and Nafion 117) and temperature were estimated. The current density stood at 1200 A/m2 at 85°C but the electricity consumption decreased to 7.25 kWh/kg LiOH which is the lowest number. For cathode, nickel was placed and the initial concentration of catholyte was 5.70 wt% LiOH. But the manufacture of lithium hydroxide declined in this case. At lower temperature (< 75°C) and lower electrolyte concentration, the product purity increase. The highest purity number was conducted from the experiment with 2400 A/m2 current density at 75°C. Overall, product purity of all conducted experiments showed great results from 93.65 to 99.93%. The method shows to be an effective and harmless way to produce lithium hydroxide through ED of membranes.

    A new technique to produce lithium hydroxide from LiFePO4 (LFP) was developed. This method is said to be effective in terms of cost as well as environment- friendly[17] (Figs. 2 & 3).

    The suspended electrodialysis system was used to oxidize the cathode LFP material which later formed ions of lithium in the chamber. This process is comparable to the charge system of the batteries. Excellent results with extraction of 95% of lithium ions was possible whilst maintaining 85.81% of the current efficiency. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed successful oxidation of Fe2+ into Fe3+, which additionally stands for the oxidation of cathode. The XRD also shows the alignments of FePO4 and LiOH⋅ H2O. This states that the Li- changed from anion to cation chamber over the cations exchange membrane. During this process, lithium hydroxide was generated with hydroxide ions. The cation exchange membrane and high perm selectivity provides the pure LiOH by insulating the anode chamber from different impurities. It was divided into 2 steps with reaction rate limitation via electrochemistry and diffusion control. Through evaporation in the vacuum followed by crystallization, LiOH⋅H2O was extracted. By the end of the process, a mere margin of waste was detected which indicate about its ecological benefits. This technique stands out from others due to the value of the final product and no usage of chemical compounds.

    Lithium hydroxide is commonly practiced for capturing carbon dioxide because of its good adsorbing as well as kinetical qualities[18]. But the rising price of lithium is putting in danger the feasible method of carbon dioxide capture. Therefore, the article discusses an environmentally friendly technique which recovers lithium hydroxide from manufactured adsorbents of carbon dioxide. To achieve that, the equipment with cation exchange membrane surrounded by electrodes was constructed. This enabled lithium ions to migrate from chamber with evolved oxygen to the evolved hydrogen reconstruction to produce a solution of lithium hydroxide. This system permits decrease in energy consumption because of operative and consecutive cycles. Due to that, the concentration of lithium hydroxide rises while the consumed energy to evaporate solvents declines. The construction of this system with efficiency in time, process, and accuracy, is proposed to be used in continuous purposes and application.

    4. Bipolar Membrane

    Bipolar membrane is one type of ion exchange membrane, which combines both cation and anion exchange membranes in it. This allows it to transport both protons and hydroxide ions in and out of the cell. Due to that bipolar membrane has various applications if different fields of study. Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (BMED) became a new method for ion separation from solutions as well as their recovery in appropriate acids and bases[19]. The article studies simultaneous removal and reconstruction of lithium (Li) and boron (B) from one aqueous compound through BMED. Lithium reconstructed into LiOH whilst boron became boric acid (H3BO3). The influential parameters as well as BMED numbers were supervised. The BMED performed better with rise of voltage however with a growth of product volume, its performances worsened, due to increase in time for reaching the state of steadiness. In general, the processes of recovering and separating were better at high electrical potential. It also had the same effect with a surge of pH for boron. For the lithium, on the other hand, process decelerated. With an environmental standard of 15 V and 0.5 L for initial volume, the results were 99.6% and 88.3% for lithium, and 72.3% and 70.8% for boron, for separation and recovery, respectively. This method of using BMED turned out to be effective to separate and recover lithium and boron simultaneously from the same solution. Moreover, the effectiveness can be increased by addition of other cation membranes.

    Since the interest for lithium-ion batteries is increasing, the demand for lithium is also rising. As a new technique for production of LiOH, pure lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) is used as an intermediate[20]. The process is based on electrodialysis modified with bipolar membrane to achieve the transformation of Li2SO4 to LiOH and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). On experimental basis, 2.2 mol/L of LiOH with 1.3 mol/L of H2SO4 were extracted from 1.5 mol/L solution of Li2SO4. The energy consumption for this data was relatively small with 10 kWh/kg. Comparing the concentrations of stoichiometry and electroosmosis, the latter showed lower results due to rise in the volume of acid and base. If the concentration of LiOH was increased, it decreased the transportation from acid to base. Moreover, when the H2SO4 concentration was lowered in acidic solution to 0.05 mol/L, the migration flux is the bipolar membrane also noticeably declined. This led to highly pure solution of LiOH with 99.75% of purity. The energy consumption also was cut to 7 kWh/kg showing that this technique for production of pure LiOH from Li2SO4 is efficiently can replace current alternatives in the future.

    The article describes the method of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) production from brines, that have adequate concentration of lithium chloride(LiCl), through electrolysis of membranes[21] (Figs. 4 & 5). The process is established by analyzing lithium-ion transportation. To achieve the initial goal, two types of membranes Fumasep FBM as well as Neosepta BP went through characterization via linearly sweep voltammetry.

    This enabled the determination of lithium ions in the cation exchange membrane. Moreover, the artificial scales in labs were used for conduction of practical experiments. For the alignment with Salar de Atacama (Chile) concentration, the different concentration amounts of LiCl, ranging between 14 and 34 wt%, were used. The current efficiency, current density, consuming the electricity, concentration to produce the lithium hydroxide were calculated. The biggest current efficiency was 0.77 at LiOH 0.5 wt% and LiCl 14 wt%. In contrast, the lithium hydroxide ranging from 3.34 wt% to 4.35 wt% produces the purest solution with 96.0% and 95.4%. The article promises better production of lithium hydroxide in greater amounts which will result in a feasible product from brines. In addition, the electrochemical mechanism should be useful in term of radiation issue in the Atacama Desert in Chile.

    The method for feasible production of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) from lithium brines went through investigation[ 22] (Figs. 6 & 7).

    The equipment of the membrane series (bipolar membrane−cation exchange membrane−bipolar membrane− cation exchange membrane) was injected with electro-electrodialysis bipolar membrane (EEDBM). Conventional electrodialysis (CED) had arrangement of 5 cation and 4 anion exchange membranes. They were used for the product treatment before the actual action. After pre-concentration and precipitation of brines with Na2CO3 and CED, 95% of pure lithium carbonate powder was attained. The purity of lithium hydroxide stood at 95%. Other characteristics like influence from current density and feed concentration as well as the cost and energy consumption were calculated. EEDBM process price was 2.59 $/kg with current density of 30 mA/cm2 and feed concentration of 0.18 M. The results state that lithium hydroxide was generated from saturated compounds of lithium carbonate, with higher current efficiency and lower consumption of energy. This method is more environmentally friendly and effective, in comparison with current technique to produce LiOH.

    Separating lithium from salty rivers and assembling lithium hydroxide (LiOH) from it promises vast number of applications[23]. To achieve this purpose, two types of processes: bipolar membrane with selectrodialysis (BMSED) and selectrodialysis (SED) were combined. the influence of different factors like current density, cation, and anion exchange membranes with monovalent selectivity (CIMS and CSO as well as ACV and ASV respectively). The scale of membranes can be prevented by current density value below 12 mA/cm2 that were proved through experiments. The membrane stacks showed different performances to separate magnesium and calcium ions. Stacks of CIMS/ACS membranes were better than CSO/ASV type. Moreover, the selectrodialysis had great feasibility to concentrate lithium and remove divalent ions. The bipolar membrane with selectrodialysis was intended to combine ion exchange membranes and bipolar membranes with monovalent selectivity inside the stack, to concurrent removal and production of lithium hydroxide. The constant results of current efficiency and LiOH concentration were shown at 6 mA/cm2 of current density. The comparison between membrane types and relevant stacks showed that FBM/ACS/CIMS/FBM was superior in terms of current efficiency and removal of ions.

    One of the effective ways for production of lithium is bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED). Due to extraction of lithium from various solutions, ions can influence the manufacture of lithium hydroxide due to current efficiency[24]. Therefore, mass transfer system regarding property of ions was monitored which led to finding of a relationship between water osmosis, number of hydrated and migrated ions. The results showed that ions of potassium and sodium decreased the amount of migrated lithium ions whilst increased the consumed energy for manufacture of lithium hydroxide. The ion of sulfate resulted in lithium leaking to acid more than chloride could. The effect of sodium/ lithium ratio of molar on current density, cation exchange membrane, and solution of feed were also observed. As the ratio rose, the concentration of lithium reduced, the energy consumption grew which can be explained by dominance of sodium ions in the migration competition and backward diffusion. However, bigger capacity of ion exchange and less resistance of cation exchange membrane helped to prevent the unwanted transfer and increased the current efficiency.

    5. Conclusions

    Even though lithium is abundantly found in salty lakes, seawater and brine lakes, the extraction of lithium hydroxide from it is challenging. Since, lithium hydroxide is on demand, scientists are working on various techniques and their medication for effective production of it. Commonly used way is the modification of electrodialysis with various components like ion exchange membranes, bipolar membranes, nanoparticles, etc. Bipolar membranes as well as cation membranes showed extremely good extraction of lithium ions with 92% and higher purity. This number increased even more with incorporation of several membranes in one equipment or combining them with other techniques like nanofiltration or reverse osmosis. The best environmentally friendly result was 99.93% purity with cation exchange membrane with electrodialysis, the key of which was precise calculation of different factors like temperature which helped to elevate the efficiency to almost 100%. The results of experiments promised to be fruitful. Also, environmentally friendly, which is one of the major issues of current LiOH manufacture techniques. This review summarized different ways of producing lithium with feasible and simple processes. Bipolar membrane split water into cation and anions in presence of electrical force. As a result, acid and base can be generated from salt solutions. Bipolar membrane is much more efficient in water splitting compared to electrolytic process. Recovery of precious salt will be more efficient if electro dialysis by bipolar membrane technology are used.

    Figures

    MEMBRANE_JOURNAL-32-6-401_F1.gif

    Schematic of the classification of the review.

    MEMBRANE_JOURNAL-32-6-401_F2.gif

    Effect of Li2SO4 concentration on the (a) variation of Li concentration, (b) cell voltage, and (c) leaching efficiency of Li and current efficiency. Current density: 60 mA/cm2. Electrolyte: LiOH 30 g/L. LFP concentration: 100 g/L (Reproduced with permission from He et al.[17], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society).

    MEMBRANE_JOURNAL-32-6-401_F3.gif

    Effect of LiOH concentration on the (a) variation of Li concentration, (b) cell voltage, and (c) leaching efficiency of Li and current efficiency. Current density: 60 mA/cm2. Electrolyte: Li2SO4 50 g/L. LFP concentration: 100 g/L (Reproduced with permission from He et al.[17], Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society).

    MEMBRANE_JOURNAL-32-6-401_F4.gif

    Salt leakage current–potential curves in bipolar membranes: (a) Fumasep FBM; (b) Neosepta BP (Reproduced from González et al.[21], MDPI).

    MEMBRANE_JOURNAL-32-6-401_F5.gif

    Salt Leakage through Bipolar Membranes (Reproduced from González et al.[21], MDPI).

    MEMBRANE_JOURNAL-32-6-401_F6.gif

    Schematic diagrams and configuration of CED and EEDBM stack for producing lithium hydroxide (Reproduced with permission from Jiang et al.[22], Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society).

    MEMBRANE_JOURNAL-32-6-401_F7.gif

    pH changes for feed and acid compartments vs time at current density of 20–60 mA/cm2, other conditions are flow rate of 22 L/h and feed concentration of 0.09 M (Reproduced with permission from Jiang et al.[22], Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society).

    Tables

    Summary of Membrane Recovery Process

    References

    1. E. Kim and R. Patel, “A Review on Lithium Recovery by Membrane Process”, Membr J., 31, 315 (2021).
    2. N. Parsa, A. Moheb, A. Mehrabani-Zeinabad, and M. A. Masigol, “Recovery of lithium ions from sodium- contaminated lithium bromide solution by using electrodialysis process”, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 98, 81 (2015).
    3. S. H. Oh and R. Patel, “Progress in Composite Polymer Membrane for Application as Separator in Lithium Ion Battery”, Membr J., 30, 228 (2020).
    4. Y. Sun, R. Yun, Y. Zang, M. Pu, and X. Xiang, “Highly efficient lithium recovery from pre-synthesized chlorine-ion-intercalated LiAl-layered double hydroxides via a mild solution chemistry process”, Mater., 12, 1968 (2019).
    5. M. Villen-Guzman, B. Arhoun, C. Vereda-Alonso, C. Gomez-Lahoz, J. M. Rodriguez-Maroto, and J. M. Paz-Garcia, “Electrodialytic processes in solid matrices. New insights into battery recycling. A review”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 94, 1727 (2019).
    6. M. Abdollahzadeh, E. Hosseini, H. Ahmadi, S. Lim, A. H. Korayem, A. Razmjou, and M. Asadnia, “Low humid transport of anions in layered double hydroxides membranes using polydopamine coating”, J. Membr. Sci., 624, 118974 (2020).
    7. Y. Cho, K. Kim, J. Ahn, and J. Lee, “A study on lithium hydroxide recovery using bipolar membrane electrodialysis”, J. Korean Inst. Met. Mat., 59, 223 (2021).
    8. D. İpekçi, E. Altıok, S. Bunani, K. Yoshizuka, S. Nishihama, M. Arda, and N. Kabay, “Effect of acid- base solutions used in acid-base compartments for simultaneous recovery of lithium and boron from aqueous solution using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED)”, Desalination, 448, 69 (2018).
    9. Y. A. Jarma, E. Çermikli, D. İpekçi, E. Altıok, and N. Kabay, “Comparison of two electrodialysis stacks having different ion exchange and bipolar membranes for simultaneous separation of boron and lithium from aqueous solution”, Desalination, 500, 114850 (2021).
    10. S. Joo, H. W. Shim, J. J. Choi, C. G. Lee, and D. G. Kim, “A Method of Synthesizing Lithium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Using Lithium Sulfate from Spent Batteries by 2-Step Precipitation Method”, J. Korean Inst. Met. Mat., 58, 286 (2020).
    11. Y. Qiu, L. Yao, C. Tang, Y. Zhao, J. Zhu, and J. Shen, “Integration of selectrodialysis and selectrodialysis with bipolar membrane to salt lake treatment for the production of lithium hydroxide”, Desalination, 465, 1 (2019).
    12. L. Yao, Y. Qiu, Y. Zhao, C. Tang, and J. Shen, “A continuous mode operation of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) for the production of high-pure choline hydroxide from choline chloride”, Sep. Purif. Technol., 233, 116054 (2020).
    13. Z. Miao, F. Pei, Z. Liu, Z. Zhang, R. Yu, and R. Liu, “Preparation of highly purity Tetrabutyl Ammonium Hydroxide using a novel method of Electro-Electrodialysis: The study on mass transfer process and influencing factors”, J. Membr. Sci., 567, 281 (2018).
    14. B. Yuan, J. Wang, W. Cai, Y. Yang, M. Yi, and L. Xiang, “Effects of temperature on conversion of Li2CO3 to LiOH in Ca(OH)2 suspension”, Particuology, 34, 97 (2017).
    15. Y. Zhao, H. Wang, Y. Li, M. Wang, and X. Xiang, “An integrated membrane process for preparation of lithium hydroxide from high Mg/Li ratio salt lake brine”, Desalination, 493, 114620 (2020).
    16. M. Grageda, A. Gonzalez, A. Quispe, and S. Ushak, “Analysis of a process for producing battery grade lithium hydroxide by membrane electrodialysis”, Membranes, 10, 1 (2020).
    17. L. He, Z. Li, Y. Zhu, and C. Yang, “A green and cost-effective method for production of LiOH from spent LiFePO4”, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8, 15915 (2020).
    18. S. Kim, M. Choi, J. S. Kang, H. Joo, B. H. Park, Y. E. Sung, and J. Yoon, “Electrochemical recovery of LiOH from used CO2 adsorbents”, Catal Today, 359, 83 (2021).
    19. S. Bunani, N. Kabay, S. Bunani, M. Arda, K. Yoshizuka, S. Nishihama, and S. Bunani, “Effect of process conditions on recovery of lithium and boron from water using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED)”, Desalination, 416, 10 (2017).
    20. X. Chen, X. Ruan, S. E. Kentish, G. K. Li, T. Xu, and G. Q. Chen, “Production of lithium hydroxide by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes”, Sep. Purif. Technol., 274, 119026 (2021).
    21. A. González, M. Grágeda, A. Quispe, S. Ushak, P. Sistat, and M. Cretin, “Application and analysis of bipolar membrane electrodialysis for lioh production at high electrolyte concentrations: Current scope and challenges”, Membranes, 11, (2021).
    22. C. Jiang, Y. Wang, Q. Wang, H. Feng, and T. Xu, “Production of lithium hydroxide from lake brines through electro-electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EEDBM)”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 6103 (2014).
    23. Y. Qiu, L. Yao, C. Tang, Y. Zhao, J. Zhu, and J. Shen, “Integration of selectrodialysis and selectrodialysis with bipolar membrane to salt lake treatment for the production of lithium hydroxide”, Desalination, 465, 1 (2019).
    24. Y. Zhao, X. Xiang, M. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Li, J. Li, and H. Yang, “Preparation of LiOH through BMED process from lithium-containing solutions: Effects of coexisting ions and competition between Na+ and Li+”, Desalination, 512, 115126 (2021).
    Copyright © The Membrane Society of Korea. All rights reserved.
    Hansol A 101-1403, 4-6, Samseong 2-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea